Bulletin of RSMU

ISSN Print 2500–1094 ISSN Online 2542–1204

Bulletin of RSMU

BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL OF PIROGOV UNIVERSITY (MOSCOW, RUSSIA)

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Osipov LV, Dolgushin MB, Mikhaylov AI, Epel B, Rumyantsev KA, Turoverov KK, Verkhusha VV, Kulikova EYu

The rapid progress of medical sciences has brought about novel effective medications, new techniques that make surgery less traumatic, artificial materials that serve to replace tissues and organs, and robotic prostheses. Still, treatment success is largely a question of timely and accurate diagnosis and proper patient monitoring. Here, various imaging techniques come in handy. Those are often thought of as tools for anatomy visualization, but in fact, they are often highly effective for the assessment of the functional state of organs and tissues. Imaging techniques are so diverse that it is impossible to cover them all in one review. Therefore, we have decided to touch upon the most common and interesting ones, such as ultrasound imaging, tomography, oximetry and fluorescence imaging.

Received: 2016-08-15

Published online: 2017-01-05

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2016-04-01

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VIEWS 4992

Klementieva NV, Furman OE, Mishin AS, Lukyanov KA, Zagaynova EV

Structural organization of actin and actin-binding proteins can be a hallmark of aggressiveness among various populations of solid tumor cells. Here, we studied the impact of chemotherapeutic drugs (paclitaxel and cisplatin) on actin and alpha-actinin structural patterns in human cervical adenocarcinoma cell culture HeLa Kyoto using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and single-molecule localization super-resolution microscopy. It was shown that paclitaxel causes disruption of actin cytoskeleton in cancer cells, both for actin and alpha-actinin. We observed disappearance of stress fibers, accumulation of filaments in the cell cortex and morphological changes in focal contacts. With cisplatin, we detected a lower number of thin actin bundles and more dense arrangement of alpha-actinin. Our results suggest that the actin cytoskeleton is a potential target for antitumor chemotherapy.

Received: 2016-08-15

Published online: 2017-01-05

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2016-04-02

Comments 0

VIEWS 5147

Sirotkina MA, Kiseleva EB, Gubarkova EV, Buyanova NL, Elagin VV, Zaitsev VYu, Matveev LA, Matveev AL, Kirillin MYu, Gelikonov GV, Gelikonov VM, Kuznetsov SS, Zagaynova EV, Gladkova ND

One of the challenges faced by modern medicine is finding new methods of functional imaging of biological tissues in patients that allow detection of early tumor response to treatment. One of such methods proposed in this work is multimodal optical coherence tomography (MM OCT). It combines cross-polarization OCT (CP OCT) for visualization of tissue structure and assessment of connective tissue health, OCT-based microangiography (OCT MA) for visualization of the vasculature, and OCT- based elastography for measuring tissue stiffness. The efficacy of this method was tested during the course of photodynamic therapy (PDT), as major PDT targets are cellular and vascular components of a tumor. The experiments were carried out on the CT26 colon carcinoma transplanted into the mouse ear. It was shown that the efficacy of PDT can be assessed using MM OCT. For example, CP OCT can help differentiate between necrotic and intact tumors; OCT MA detects blood circulation defects that lead to slower blood circulation or circulatory stagnation followed by tumor death. OCT-based elastography is helpful in assessing stiffness of normal and pathological tissues.

Received: 2016-08-15

Published online: 2017-01-05

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2016-04-03

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VIEWS 5011

Tarachkova EV, Shorikov MA, Panov VO, Kuznetsov VV, Tyurin IE, Shimanovsky NL

Knowing the histology of cervical cancer (squamos cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma) is important in deciding on the best treatment plan. We have studied the role of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the differential diagnosis of cervical cancer. We examined 90 patients between 23 and 78 years of age (mean age was 43.5 years) with histologically distinctive stage IIb–IVb cervical cancers. Scanning was performed on Magnetom Espree 1.5T and Magnetom Skyra 3.0T scanners (Siemens, Germany) using gadobutrol (Gadavist by Bayer, Germany). On T1-weighted images, signal intensity and its rate of change were significantly higher for adenocarcinomas compared to squamos cell carcinomas (p <0.04) from the 20th second after gadobutrol had been delivered to the tumor. With squamos cell carcinomas, the time-intensity curve (showing the dependence of signal intensity on the time elapsed after gadobutrol had been delivered to the tumor) had two phases: a short phase of a relatively slow accumulation of the contrast agent with the subsequent plateau or even signal intensity reduction. The pattern of gadobutrol accumulation allows differentiating between histological types of tumors. Based on the resulting curves, a pharmacokinetic model can be described for each tumor type. Postcontrast images are useful in determining tumor differentiation grade. Specifically, the signal from a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma is the most inhomogeneous one (p <0.03). The method described in this work does not imply that histological analysis is unnecessary and can be recommended as a supplementary diagnostic tool.

Received: 2016-08-10

Published online: 2017-01-05

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2016-04-04

Comments 0

VIEWS 4921

Kulakov VN, Lipengolts AA, Grigorieva EYu, Semeikin AV, Abakumov MA, Karakhanov EA, Maximov AB, Shimanovsky NL

Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging has become a routine diagnostic procedure. One of the most common contrast agents used for MRI is gadopentetic acid (Gd-DTPA, marketed as Magnevist). In this work, we studied the relaxivity of Gd-DTPA covalently bonded to β-cyclodextrin and compared enhancement properties of this compound and Magnevist. Our work demonstrated high relaxivity of Gd-DTPA complex containing 80 % of Gd-DTPA-modified β-cyclodextrin mono-derivative, 10 % of Gd-DTPA-modified β-cyclodextrin di-derivative and 10 % of Gd-DTPA-modified β-cyclodextrin tri-derivative. Gd-DTPA residues were linked to β-cyclodextrin by an ester bond, in which a COOH group belongs to DTPA and OH is a β-cyclodextrin surface hydroxyl group. It was proved experimentally that the studied compound is not toxic in concentrations necessary for diagnostic procedures. Compared to Magnevist, it can provide similar enhancement when used in just half of the equivalent amount.

Received: 2016-08-15

Published online: 2017-01-05

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2016-04-05

Comments 0

VIEWS 5222

Shishkin SL, Kozyrskiy BL, Trofimov AG, Nuzhdin YO, Fedorova AA, Svirin EP, Velichkovsky BM

Eye-brain-computer interfaces (EBCIs) could combine the advantages of eye tracking systems used for operating technical devices and brain-computer interfaces. Such systems are intended for both patients with various motor impairments and healthy individuals. The effectiveness of EBCIs is largely dependent on their ability to detect the user’s intent to give a command on the encephalogram (EEG) recorded during gaze fixation, that is, just within hundreds of milliseconds. These strict requirements necessitate a full use of data contained in EEG for more accurate classification of gaze fixations as spontaneous and “control”. This work describes our attempt to use for classification not only amplitude statistical features, but also wavelet features specific to oscillatory EEG components within the interval of 50-500 ms from gaze fixation onset. Integral index of classification accuracy AUC significantly depended on the feature set, reaching the highest value (0.75, average over the group of 8 participants) for the combined amplitude and wavelet set. We believe that further improvement of this method will facilitate the practical application of EBCIs.

Received: 2016-04-08

Published online: 2017-01-05

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2016-02-05

Comments 0

VIEWS 5023

Sokolov IS, Tatarintsev MK, Khasanov RY, Azieva AM, Makarenko EYu, Burtsev MS

Using brain-computer interfaces, one can both read data from and transmit them to the brain. However, these data are only a set of sensor system signals and not the knowledge or experience. Neural networks are a basis for cognitive activity and can simulate processes similar to learning <i>in vitro</i>. In this work we tested the hypothesis of a neural network’s ability to learn by detecting deviations from its stereotypical activity and modifying them in a way that allows it to get rid of external electrical stimulation. Spontaneous activity of several neuronal cultures <i>in vitro</i> was analyzed by clustering method. The results showed that activity of untrained cultures remained stable for a long time, and external electrical stimulation led to switching between various spontaneous activity patterns.

Received: 2016-04-01

Published online: 2017-01-05

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2016-02-06

Comments 0

VIEWS 4899

Kachalina GF, Takhchidi NKh

In ophthalmology, excimer lasers are used for treating different refractive disorders. The performance of an excimer laser station can be assessed by a number of criteria, such as cornea surface smoothness after the ablation, differences between the diameter of the postoperative optical zone that received full correction and the diameter of the programmed optical zone, and cornea heating during the surgery. The article presents the results of the assessment of three Russian excimer laser systems: MicroScan-PIC 100 Hz, MicroScan-Visum 300 Hz and MicroScan-Visum 500 Hz (Optosystems, Russia). The smoothness of the ablated surface was measured by New View – 5000 Zygo interferometer (Zygo Corporation, USA). Using PMMA plates, the ablated surface was formed tenfold with each laser as an imitation of the 3.0 D myopia surgical correction, with the optical zone diameter of 6 mm and the transition zone diameters of 2.3 mm for MicroScan-PIC 100 Hz and of 1.9 mm for MicroScan- Visum 300 Hz and MicroScan-Visum 500 Hz. Thermal processes in the cornea were studied in 15 grey chinchillas over 1 year old with a weight of 2–3 kg. With each of the laser systems, phototherapeutic keratectomy was performed on 5 eyes. The smoothest ablated surfaces were formed by MicroScan-Visum 500 Hz. Cornea temperature was the highest here (+3.95 °С by the end of treatment), but still within the range of values acceptable for modern scanning type lasers.

Received: 2016-04-11

Published online: 2017-01-05

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2016-02-07

Comments 0

VIEWS 4906