Visual acuity after vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment depends on the type of foveal microstructural changes. The purpose of the research — the study of the relationship between visual acuity and foveolar microstructure investigated by means of optical coherence tomography in patients after the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. There were investigated 32 patients, the time of observation was 12 months. The defects of the junction between internal and outer segments were registered in 17 eyes (53.1 %), external limited membrane defects were found in 5 eyes (15.6 %). There was a negative correlation between the presence of those defects and the maximum correctable visual acuity (r= –0.39, p <0.05; r = –0.65, p <0.05 respectavely). Remains of epiretinal membrane without traction component were identified in 17 cases (53.1 %), macular edema — in 4 eyes (12.5 %), there was no correlation between those findings and maximum correctable visual acuity. There was a negative correlation between the remoteness of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and the maximum correctable visual acuity (r = –0.49, p <0.05). It was concluded that the main changes affecting the maximum correctable visual acuity were located in the outer parts of the fovealar area.