This literature-based review focuses on the basic physiological aspects of proprioception. Below, we describe and compare a number of biomechanical platforms used to measure postural control in high-class athletes. We define the primary goals of biomechanical assessment of postural problems, paying special attention to the functional performance of proprioceptors and proprioceptive control. We also provide a list of clinical and biomechanical indicators of proprioceptive damage and propose a diagnostic algorithm for assessing static and dynamic impairments in high-class athletes.