A molecular marker for the risk of endometriosis recurrence can help to customize a post-operative treatment plan for an individual patient. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of genes coding for estradiol (mER, ER_α, ER_β) and progesterone (PGRmC₁, mPR, РR-А, PR-B) receptors in first-time and relapsing patients with ovarian endometriosis. Our study included 94 women of reproductive age with ovarian endometriosis: 82 first-time and 12 relapsing patients. The expression of genes coding for steroid receptors was measured using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Recurrent conditions were characterized by a change in the expression of estrogen receptors and unchanged expression of progesterone receptors. Expression of mER in the tissue of patients with first-time endometriosis was 15.09 ± 1.18. Patients undergoing recurrence demonstrated a 3-fold increase in mER expression (from 15.09 ± 1.18 to 44.45 ± 9.1). Also, in such patients ER_β expression was 5 times higher increasing from 11.71 ± 0.22, which is an average value for first-time patients, to 10.02 ± 3.81, while ER_α expression surged 7-fold from 10.47 ± 1.05 to 1.68 ± 0.55 (p < 0.05). Transcription of the studied receptors in the pathological tissue depended on the stage of the disease: in relapsing patients expression of estradiol receptors underwent some changes, while expression profile of progesterone receptors remained unchanged. Sensitivity of endometrial tissue to gestogens is clinically important and serves as a basis for a successful hormone-based relapse prevention.