Bone marrow transplant is the leading method to treat hematologic malignancies, immunodeficiency, and hereditary metabolic disorders. The Federal Bone Marrow Donor Registry effectiveness depends directly on public awareness of bone marrow donation and infrastructure development. A comprehensive approach to public awareness is necessary to increase the system effectiveness. The study aimed to investigate factors that influence joining the Federal Bone Marrow Donor Registry, with a focus on motivation, sources of information, impact of infrastructure, environment, and common myths. The respondents (potential donors registered in the Federal Registry; n = 3100) filled an online questionnaire of 24 questions aimed at studying and assessing the socio-demographic characteristics, motivation, sources of information, influence of the environment, awareness of bone marrow donation, and readiness to donate. It was found that young adults aged 18–36 (n = 1860) more often join the Federal Registry through informal channels, such as work/school events (n = 843; 27.2%), while respondents over the age of 37 (n = 1240) prefer healthcare institutions (n = 1590; 51.3%). Women make up the majority of potential donors (n = 2304; 74.3%), especially in Moscow (n = 1650; 74.5%), while higher prevalence of myths is reported for the regions (n = 1646; 53.1%). The findings emphasize the need for the differentiated approach to information policy, which will make it possible to increase the donor movement effectiveness nationwide. A key factor in scaling this work is partnership with commercial laboratories, which significantly expands the Federal Registry recruitment network and provides convenient conditions for donors to join.