To study the problems concerning the nation's viability require the use of data from economy, demography, sociology, physiology, genetics, psychology, medicine indicating the need for a new integrated science — social human biology. At the moment the so­cial human biology as a science has succeeded in elucidation of the mechanisms how the purchasing power and social inequality influence the state of public health. The higher is the purchasing power (the average salary) in the given administrative-territorial unit, the lower are overall mortality rate, mortality of the working-age population and reproductive losses. Life expectancy, on the contrary, is higher with the raise of purchasing power of the population. Based on the synthesis of social and biological sciences conditions for “saving people” and sustainable development of Russia are defined.