In psychiatric practice, there is a need to develop simple, pathogenetically substantiated biomarkers for prediction of the patient’s current affective status and his/ her status short-term perspective. The study aimed to analyze the association of the affective status of patients with mood disorders with the peripheral blood catecholamine and serotonin levels. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used for affective status evaluation. Concentrations of catecholamines (adrenaline, norepinephrine, and dopamine) in blood plasma and serotonin in blood serum were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The study included 114 individuals with affective disorders, the average age was 34.57 (SD = 10.36) years, the share of females was 64%. We revealed no significant prognostic effects of peripheral blood neurotransmitter levels relative to the current affective status. The serotonin/norepinephrine ratio, the increase in which significantly decreases the risk of clinical depression according to HADS-D considering the patient's sex and age (p = 0.059), turned out to be the only marker at the level of trends. In patients diagnosed with recurrent depressive disorder or depressive episode, a slight decrease in serotonin levels (p = 0.068) compared to the patients diagnosed with the disorders beyond the category of mood disorders is reported. In the same group a negative correlation has been found between the HADS-A scores (anxiety) and norepinephrine levels (Rs = ‒0.410, p < 0.05). The findings suggest that it will be possible to confirm the preliminary results obtained and acquire new data in the expanded clinically homogenous samples.