ISSN Print 2500–1094
ISSN Online 2542–1204
BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL OF PIROGOV UNIVERSITY (MOSCOW, RUSSIA)
Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee: Pirogov University.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY).
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY).
OPINION
Follicular T cells in peripheral blood: increasing complexity and key questions
About authors
The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I.Pirogov, Moscow
Correspondence: Irina L. Grigorova
Ostrovityanova, 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia; moc.liamg@67girg
About paper
Funding: this research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 24-15-00545).
Acknowledgments: the author is grateful to I. V. Zvyagin for assistance with editing the article.
Received: 2025-12-10
Accepted: 2025-12-12
Published online: 2025-12-23
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Fig. Major follicular and follicular-like T cells in humans. A schematic describing the generation in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) and possible recirculation into peripheral blood of the main follicular T cell subpopulations: helper (Tfh) and regulatory (Tfr). GC — germinal centers. ELS — ectopic lymphoid structures. Memory follicular T cells that acquire the ability to enter the circulation downregulate Bcl6 expression and surface levels of CXCR5 and PD1 compared to T cells in GCs. Peripheral helper T cells (Tph) and, to some extent, Tfh accumulate in ELS, where they produce the chemokine CXCL13, which can recruit B cells
Table 1. Major types of follicular and follicular-like T cells that regulate B cell responses.
Note: GC — germinal centers, TF — transcription factors, SLO — secondary lymphoid organs, ELS — ectopic lymphoid structures.
