ISSN Print 2500–1094
ISSN Online 2542–1204
BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL OF PIROGOV UNIVERSITY (MOSCOW, RUSSIA)
Copyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee: Pirogov University.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY).
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY).
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Molecular genetic aspects of predicting early pregnancy loss
About authors
1 Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
2 Dagestan State Medical University, Makhachkala, Russia
3 Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
4 Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
Correspondence should be addressed: Pyotr A. Klimenko
Sevastopolsky prospekt, 24а, Moscow, 117209; ur.liam@oknemilk.ap
About paper
Funding: the study was conducted as part of the Program for Basic Research in the Russian Federation for the Long Term (2021–2030) (No. 122030100170-5).
Author contribution: Yusef OV — clinical material collection, laboratory testing; Ibragimov BR — statistical processing, analysis of results; Klimenko MP — database creation; Gerasimova AA — ultrasound examination, clinical assessment of results; Aimetdinova AB — clinical and functional assessment of patients; Marnat EG — laboratory testing (PCR); Abramov DD — literature review, interpretation of results, manuscript writing; Klimenko PA — study design, clinical phase arrangement, interpretation of results; Kurtser MA — study concept and design, academic advising, manuscript approval.
Compliance with ethical standards: the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (protocol No. 258 dated February 16, 2026). All the surveyed individuals submitted the informed consent to take part in the study.
Received: 2026-06-24
Accepted: 2026-08-05
Published online: 2026-08-18
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Fig. 1. Protein-protein interaction of MMP-9. Contribution of the MMP-9 biochemical interaction with other bioactive substances. The interaction network is constructed using the STRING resource (https://string-db.org)
Fig. 2. Protein-protein interaction of TGF-β. Contribution of the TGF-β biochemical interaction with other bioactive substances. The interaction network is constructed using the STRING resource (https://string-db.org)
Fig. 3. Biological interaction of TGF-β and MMP9 between each other in the pregnant woman’s body. The interaction network is constructed using the STRING resource (https://string-db.org)
Fig. 4. ROC curves characterizing the Ct_TGFb and Ct_MMP9 expression sensitivity and specificity for the success of missed abortion prediction. X axis — False positive rate (specificity), Y axis — True positive rate (sensitivity)
Table. Comparative statistics of the TGF-β and MMP-9 expression in blood of patients physiological pregnancy and missed abortion
Note: Ct_TGFb — Ct value of TGF‑β gene amplification, Ct_MMP9 — Ct value of MMP‑9 gene amplification.
