The aim of the study was the comparison of the characteristics of clinical manifestations and efficacy of treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with multiple and extensively drug-resistant M. tuberculosis combined with different types of diabetes mellitus. There were studied 41 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis combined with diabetes mellitus type 1 and 30 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis combined with diabetes mellitus type 2. It was established that patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 often diagnosed infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis, while in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 it was often found fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis. Efficiency of complex treatment for bacterial excretion extinction in the two groups was not significantly different (73.2 and 66.7 %, respectively). However, the treatment for closing of cavities in the lung was more effective in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 (accordingly 61.0 and 36.6 %), which was probably due to the peculiarities of tuberculosis process in those patients.