ISSN Print 2500–1094
ISSN Online 2542–1204
BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL OF PIROGOV UNIVERSITY (MOSCOW, RUSSIA)
Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee: Pirogov University.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY).
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY).
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Cognitive reserve of patients with chronic cerebral ischemia
About authors
Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
Correspondence should be addressed: Vitaly F. Fokin
Volokolamskoye shosse, 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia; ur.liam@fvf
About paper
Author contribution: Fokin VF — manuscript writing; Ponomareva NV — study design; Shabalina AA — biochemical testing, determining salivary cortisol levels; Konovalov RN — design of neuroimaging tests; Medvedev RB — Doppler tests; Boravova AI — psychophysiological tests; Lagoda OV — clinical tests; Krotenkova MV — neuroimaging test management; Tanashyan MM — clinical test management, general study design.
Compliance with ethical standards: the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Research Center of Neurology (protocol No. 5-6/22 dated 1 June 2022). The informed consent was submitted by all study participants.
Received: 2024-11-28
Accepted: 2024-01-08
Published online: 2025-01-31
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Fig. 1. Value of the cortisol shift associated with cognitive load is related to the time of initial presentation to the medical institution in patients with HE. –1 — average cortisol shift is close to zero (0.02 ± 2.4 nmol/L); 1 — average cortisol shift is 20.09 ± 2.1 nmol/L. On the top there are statistical characteristics of differences in the age of first visit to the medical institution vs. cortisol shift
Fig. 2. Connectivity showing significant differences in patients with HE and SE. Red lines are positive, these correspond to higher connectivity values in patients with HE. Blue lines are negative, these correspond to higher connectivity values in patients with SE. Significance was calculated considering multiple comparisons (p-FDR < 0.05). On the right there is a color chart of differences based on the t-test. CO — central operculum cortex, PP — planum polare (part of superior temporal gyrus), HG — Heschl's gyrus, PT — planum temporale, Hippocampus — hippocampus, SensorMotor.Lateral — sensorimotor lateral neural network, STG — superior temporal gyrus, Cereb — cerebellum, Ver — cerebellar vermis, numbers after Cereb and Ver are areas of the cerebellum and vermis, p – posterior, r — right hemisphere, l — left hemisphere
Table 1. Demographic data of women with SE and HE suffering from CCI and significance of differences between the values of these groups
Note: SE — secondary education, HE — higher education, р — significance of differences; the first value is the mean, the second value is the standard error. BMI — body mass index; Average age at the time of assessment — average age of patients at the time of experimental data recording; Initial presentation — average age of the patient’s first referral to the medical institution due to the objectively confirmed CCI symptoms.
Table 2. Effects of education on cortisol levels in women suffering from CCI with higher and secondary education
Note: n — number of surveyed individuals, F — Fisher’s exact test, p — significance of differences between the values of two groups; in brackets the number of individuals surveyed; other abbreviations are the same, as in Table 1.
Table 3. Connectivities that are significantly different in the groups of patients with HE and SE and their statistical characteristics
Note: beta — average regression coefficient, Т — T-test, p-unc — uncorrected significance level, p-FDR — significance level considering multiple comparisons. Number of patients — 25 individuals.
Table 4. Correlation coefficients (r) and significance levels (p) for connectivities and cortisol characteristics
Note: n — number of patients. PP — right planum polare, pSTGl — posterior part of the left superior temporal gyrus; COr — right central operculum cortex, PTl — left planum temporale; HGr — right Heschl’s gyrus, Ver10 — Vermis 10.
