Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee: Pirogov University.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY).

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Cognitive reserve of patients with chronic cerebral ischemia

About authors

Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia

Correspondence should be addressed: Vitaly F. Fokin
Volokolamskoye shosse, 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia; ur.liam@fvf

About paper

Author contribution: Fokin VF — manuscript writing; Ponomareva NV — study design; Shabalina AA — biochemical testing, determining salivary cortisol levels; Konovalov RN — design of neuroimaging tests; Medvedev RB — Doppler tests; Boravova AI — psychophysiological tests; Lagoda OV — clinical tests; Krotenkova MV — neuroimaging test management; Tanashyan MM — clinical test management, general study design.

Compliance with ethical standards: the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Research Center of Neurology (protocol No. 5-6/22 dated 1 June 2022). The informed consent was submitted by all study participants.

Received: 2024-11-28 Accepted: 2024-01-08 Published online: 2025-01-31
|
  1. Stern Y. What is cognitive reserve? Theory and findings. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2002; 8 (3): 450–58. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617702814268.
  2. Schuurmans IK, Hoepel SJW, Cecil CAM, Hillegers MHJ, Ikram MA, Luik AI. The Association of Life Stress with Subsequent Brain and Cognitive Reserve in Middle-Aged Women. J Alzheimers Dis. 2023; 93 (1): 97–106. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-220923. PMID: 36938734; PMCID: PMC10200172.
  3. Ochsner KN, Gross JJ. The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2005; 9 (5): 242–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.005.
  4. Tang X, Varma VR, Miller MI, Carlson MC. Education is associated with sub-regions of the hippocampus and the amygdala vulnerable to neuropathologies of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Struct Funct. 2017; 222 (3): 1469–79. DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1287-9. Epub 2016 Aug 17. PMID: 27535407; PMCID: PMC5850930.
  5. Phelps EA. Emotion and cognition: insights from studies of the human amygdala. Annu Rev Psychol. 2006; 57: 27–53. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070234. PMID: 16318588.
  6. Dowd JB, Simanek AM, Aiello AE. Socio-economic status, cortisol and allostatic load: a review of the literature. Int J Epidemiol. 2009; 38 (5): 1297–309. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyp277. Epub 2009 Aug 31. PMID: 19720725; PMCID: PMC2755130.
  7. Wingenfeld K, Wolf OT. Stress, memory, and the hippocampus. Front Neurol Neurosci. 2014; 34: 109–20. DOI: 10.1159/000356423. Epub 2014 Apr 16. PMID: 24777135.
  8. Davidson RJ, Jackson DC, Kalin NH. Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: perspectives from affective neuroscience. Psychol Bull. 2000; 126 (6): 890–909. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.890. PMID: 11107881.
  9. Culham JC, Kanwisher NG. Neuroimaging of cognitive functions in human parietal cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001; 11 (2): 157– 63. DOI: 10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00191-4. PMID: 11301234.
  10. Tanashyan MM, Maksimova MYu, Domashenko MA. Discirkuljatornaja jencefalopatija. Putevoditel' vrachebnyh naznachenij. 2015; 2: 1–25.
  11. Morris JC. Clinical dementia rating: a reliable and valid diagnostic and staging measure for dementia of the Alzheimer type. Int Psychogeriatric. 1997; (9 Suppl 1): 173–76.
  12. Fokin VF, Ponomareva NV, Konovalov RN, Krotenkova MV, Medvedev RB, Lagoda OV, Tanashyan MM. Vlijanie urovnja obrazovanija na funkcional'nuju organizaciju mozga bol'nyh hronicheskoj cerebral'noj ishemiej. Annaly klinicheskoj i jeksperimental'noj nevrologii. 2021; 15 (2): 35–41. DOI: 10.25692/ACEN.2021.2.5.
  13. Fokin VF, Shabalina AA, Ponomareva NV, Medvedev RB, Lagoda OV, Tanashyan MM. Kortizol, citokiny i vegetativnye izmenenija pri kognitivnoj nagruzke u bol'nyh hronicheskoj ishemiej mozga. Patologicheskaja fiziologija i jeksperimental'naja terapija. 2023; 67 (3): 51–57. DOI: 10.25557/0031-2991.2023.03.51-57.
  14. Cansino S. Brain connectivity changes associated with episodic recollection decline in aging: A review of fMRI studies. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022; 14: 1012870. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1012870. PMID: 36389073; PMCID: PMC9640923.
  15. Seblova D, Berggren R, Lövdén M. Education and age-related decline in cognitive performance: Systematic review and metaanalysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Ageing Res Rev. 2020; 58: 101005. DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.101005. Epub 2019 Dec 24. PMID: 31881366.
  16. Zahodne LB, Stern Y, Manly JJ. Differing effects of education on cognitive decline in diverse elders with low versus high educational attainment. Neuropsychology. 2015; 29 (4): 649–57. DOI: 10.1037/neu0000141. Epub 2014 Sep 15. PMID: 25222199; PMCID: PMC4362867.
  17. Rivera-Bonet CN, Birn RM, Ladd CO, Meyerand ME, Abercrombie HC. Cortisol effects on brain functional connectivity during emotion processing in women with depression. J Affect Disord. 2021; 287: 247–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.034. Epub 2021 Mar 17. PMID: 33799044; PMCID: PMC8128282.
  18. Jentsch VL, Merz CJ, Wolf OT. Restoring emotional stability: Cortisol effects on the neural network of cognitive emotion regulation. Behav Brain Res. 2019; 18 (374): 111880. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.049. Epub 2019 Apr 1. PMID: 30946860.
  19. Hickok G, Poeppel D. The cortical organization of speech processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2007; 8 (5): 393–402. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2113.
  20. Heald SL, Nusbaum HC. Speech perception as an active cognitive process. Front Syst Neurosci. 2014; 8: 35. DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00035. PMID: 24672438; PMCID: PMC3956139.
  21. Wang Z, Wang Y, Sweeney JA, Gong Q, Lui S, Mosconi MW. Resting-State Brain Network Dysfunctions Associated With Visuomotor Impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Integr Neurosci. 2019; 13: 17. DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2019.00017. PMID: 31213995; PMCID: PMC6554427.