Copyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee: Pirogov University.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY).

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Avidity profile of IgG against Toxocara canis in serological testing of adults in Almaty

Namet AM , Davlyatshin TI , Tussipova AA , Khairullin BM
About authors

Scientific Research and Production Center “MVA GROUP” LLP, Almaty Region, Kazakhstan

Correspondence should be addressed: Aiganym A. Tussipova
Zhambyla, 159, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan; moc.liamg@42t.mynagia

About paper

Funding: the study was conducted within the framework of the research and technology program IRN BR28712927 “Scientific and Technological Support of Biological Safety of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Field of Medical Parasitology”.

Acknowledgments: the authors express their gratitude to the medical staff of Fenix Med LLC for their part in biomaterial collection.

Author contribution: Namet AM — developing the concept, data preparation and systematization, project administration, manuscript writing; Davlyatshin TI — developing the concept and methods, data analysis; Tussipova AA — research procedure, manuscript writing; Khairullin BM — developing methods, data preparation and systematization, project administration.

Compliance with ethical standards: the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Association of Bioethics and Medical Law (protocol No. 20 dated January 8, 2025). The informed consent was obtained before enrollment; we adhered to the principle of voluntary participation and the personal data confidentiality.

Received: 2026-09-10 Accepted: 2026-10-08 Published online: 2026-10-21
|
  1. Ma G, Holland CV, Wang T, Hofmann A, Fan CK, Maizels RM, et al. Human toxocariasis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018; 18 (1): e14–e24. DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30331-6.
  2. Lopez-Alamillo S, Padyala P, Carey M, Duffey MM, Weatherhead JE. Human toxocariasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2025; 38 (3): e0010123. DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00101-23.
  3. Rostami A, Riahi SM, Holland CV, Taghipour A, Khalili-Fomeshi M, Fakhri Y, et al. Seroprevalence estimates for toxocariasis in people worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019; 13 (12): e0007809. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007809.
  4. Davlyatshin T, Namet A, Orynbayev M, Sultankulova K, Barmak S, Myrzakhmet A, et al. Human and Canine Seropositivity to Toxocara canis in Uralsk, Kazakhstan: Canine Egg Shedding and Evaluation of an Experimental ELISA. Pathogens. 2026; 15 (8): 837. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens15080837.
  5. de Savigny DH, Voller A, Woodruff AW. Toxocariasis: serological diagnosis by enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Pathol. 1979; 32 (3): 284–8. DOI: 10.1136/jcp.32.3.284.
  6. Fillaux J, Magnaval JF. Laboratory diagnosis of human toxocariasis. Vet Parasitol. 2013; 193 (4): 327–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.028.
  7. Elefant GR, Shimizu SH, Sanchez MC, Jacob CM, Ferreira AW. A serological follow-up of toxocariasis patients after chemotherapy based on the detection of IgG, IgA, and IgE antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Lab Anal. 2006; 20 (4): 164–72. DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20126.
  8. Roldán WH, Elefant GR, Ferreira AW. Immunoglobulin M antibodies are not specific for serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis. Parasite Immunol. 2017; 39 (8): e12447. DOI: 10.1111/pim.12447.
  9. Pullen GR, Fitzgerald MG, Hosking CS. Antibody avidity determination by ELISA using thiocyanate elution. J Immunol Methods. 1986; 86 (1): 83–87. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(86)90268-1.
  10. Correa VA, Rodrigues TS, Portilho AI, Trzewikoswki de Lima G, De Gaspari E. Modified ELISA for antibody avidity evaluation: The need for standardization. Biomed J. 2021; 44 (4): 433–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.10.009.
  11. Hübner J, Uhlíková M, Leissová M. [Diagnosis of the early phase of larval toxocariasis using IgG avidity]. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol. 2001; 50 (2): 67–70. Czech. PMID: 11329729.
  12. Dziemian E, Zarnowska H, Kołodziej-Sobocińska M, Machnicka B. Determination of the relative avidity of the specific IgG antibodies in human toxocariasis. Parasite Immunol. 2008; 30 (3): 187–90. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.01010.x.
  13. Menu E, Kopec L, Luciani L, Legrand S, L'Ollivier C. Measurement of the IgG Avidity Index in the Diagnosis of Clinical Toxocariasis Patients. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (9): 1086. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091086.
  14. Rudzińska M, Kowalewska B, Sikorska K. Clinical usefulness of Western blotting and ELISA avidity for the diagnosis of human toxocariasis. Parasite Immunol. 2017; 39 (1): e12400. DOI: 10.1111/pim.12400.
  15. Rychlicki W. [Use of specific immunoglobulin G antibody avidity in the differential diagnosis of active and chronic Toxocara canis infections]. Wiad Parazytol. 2004; 50 (2): 229–36. Polish. PMID: 16859028.
  16. Kaneva E, Rainova I, Harizanov R, Kaftandjiev I. Study of IgG avidity and the level of specific IgA antibodies and their significance in the diagnosis of human toxocarosis. Exp Parasitol. 2022; 236–7: 108236. DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108236.
  17. Boldiš V, Ondriska F, Špitalská E, Reiterová K. Immunodiagnostic approaches for the detection of human toxocarosis. Exp Parasitol. 2015; 159: 252–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.10.006.
  18. Fenoy S, Rodero M, Pons E, Aguila C, Cuéllar C. Follow-up of antibody avidity in BALB/c mice infected with Toxocara canis. Parasitology. 2008; 135 (6): 725–33. DOI: 10.1017/s0031182008004368.
  19. Schoenardie ER, Scaini CJ, Avila LF, Sperotto RL, Borsuk S, Felicetti CD, et al. Determination of IgG avidity in BALB/c mice experimentally infected with Toxocara canis. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2014; 23 (3): 403–06. DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014060.
  20. Bin LL, Santarém VA, Laposy CB, Rubinsky-Elefant G, Roldán WH, Giuffrida R. Kinetics and avidity of anti-Toxocara antibodies (IgG) in rabbits experimentally infected with Toxocara canis. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2016; 25 (1): 99–104. DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612015067.
  21. de Oliveira Azevedo P, Lescano SZ, Giuffrida R, Kmetiuk LB, Dos Santos AP, Dangoudoubiyam S, et al. Serosurvey of anti-Toxocara antibodies and risk factors in adolescent and adult pregnant women of southeastern Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021; 15 (8): e0009571. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009571.
  22. da Silva Rapchan GG, Ferreira IB, Lima VDSV, Lescano SAZ, Monteiro GR, Santos GCD, et al. Toxocariasis as an Elderly Zoonosis: Seroprevalence, Neurocognitive Assessment, and Associated Risk Factors in Persons 50 Years and Older. Pathogens. 2025; 14 (11): 1095. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens14111095.
  23. Magnaval JF, Fabre R, Maurières P, Charlet JP, de Larrard B. Application of the western blotting procedure for the immunodiagnosis of human toxocariasis. Parasitol Res. 1991; 77 (8): 697–702. DOI: 10.1007/bf00928685.
  24. Anderson JP, Rascoe LN, Levert K, Chastain HM, Reed MS, Rivera HN, et al. Development of a Luminex Bead Based Assay for Diagnosis of Toxocariasis Using Recombinant Antigens Tc-CTL-1 and Tc-TES-26. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015; 9 (10): e0004168. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004168.
  25. Dimitrov JD, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kaveri SV. Important parameters for evaluation of antibody avidity by immunosorbent assay. Anal Biochem. 2011; 418 (1): 149–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.07.007.
  26. Bullock JL Jr, Hickey TE, Kemp TJ, Metz J, Loftus S, Haynesworth K, et al. Longitudinal Assessment of BNT162b2- and mRNA-1273-Induced Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG Levels and Avidity Following Three Doses of Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel). 2024; 12 (5): 516. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050516.
  27. Olsson J, Johansson J, Honkala E, Blomqvist B, Kok E, Weidung B, et al. Urea dilution of serum for reproducible anti-HSV1 IgG avidity index. BMC Infect Dis. 2019; 19 (1): 164. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3769-x.
  28. Robertson BD, Burkot TR, Gillespie SH, Kennedy MW, Wambai Z, Maizels RM. Detection of circulating parasite antigen and specific antibody in Toxocara canis infections. Clin Exp Immunol. 1988; 74 (2): 236–41. PMID: 2465108.
  29. del Águila C, Cuéllar C, Fenoy S, Guillén JL. Comparative study of assays detecting circulating immune complexes and specific antibodies in patients infected with Toxocara canis. J Helminthol. 1987; 61 (3): 196–202. DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00010014.
  30. Löfström E, Eringfält A, Kötz A, Tham J, Undén J. Avidity maturation of anti-spike IgG after vaccination in COVID-19 convalescent vs COVID-19 naïve patients. APMIS. 2025; 133 (1): e13489. DOI: 10.1111/apm.13489.