Bulletin of RSMU

ISSN Print 2500–1094 ISSN Online 2542–1204

Bulletin of RSMU

BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL OF PIROGOV UNIVERSITY (MOSCOW, RUSSIA)

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Muradyan AG, Vorobyev NV, Kostin AA, Tolkachev AO, Volchenko NN, Popov SV, Mamontova IS

Renal fusion is one of the most common kidney anomalies. The most frequent is horseshoe kidney, characterized by a fusion of the poles (typically the lower poles) of the kidneys. We described a clinical case of a malignant tumor in the right half of the horseshoe kidney (stage 1 cancer, CT1aN0M0) in a man aged 65 years, who underwent laparoscopic resection. It was shown that laparoscopy is no less efficient than open surgery. However, in planning the operation, it is necessary to use spiral computed tomography for three-dimensional reconstruction of the organ and identification of its anatomical features caused by aberrant blood supply to horseshoe kidney.

Received: 2016-02-29

Published online: 2017-01-05

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2016-02-08

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VIEWS 4968

Kachalina GF, Takhchidi NKh

In ophthalmology, excimer lasers are used for treating different refractive disorders. The performance of an excimer laser station can be assessed by a number of criteria, such as cornea surface smoothness after the ablation, differences between the diameter of the postoperative optical zone that received full correction and the diameter of the programmed optical zone, and cornea heating during the surgery. The article presents the results of the assessment of three Russian excimer laser systems: MicroScan-PIC 100 Hz, MicroScan-Visum 300 Hz and MicroScan-Visum 500 Hz (Optosystems, Russia). The smoothness of the ablated surface was measured by New View – 5000 Zygo interferometer (Zygo Corporation, USA). Using PMMA plates, the ablated surface was formed tenfold with each laser as an imitation of the 3.0 D myopia surgical correction, with the optical zone diameter of 6 mm and the transition zone diameters of 2.3 mm for MicroScan-PIC 100 Hz and of 1.9 mm for MicroScan- Visum 300 Hz and MicroScan-Visum 500 Hz. Thermal processes in the cornea were studied in 15 grey chinchillas over 1 year old with a weight of 2–3 kg. With each of the laser systems, phototherapeutic keratectomy was performed on 5 eyes. The smoothest ablated surfaces were formed by MicroScan-Visum 500 Hz. Cornea temperature was the highest here (+3.95 °С by the end of treatment), but still within the range of values acceptable for modern scanning type lasers.

Received: 2016-04-11

Published online: 2017-01-05

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2016-02-07

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VIEWS 4682

Sokolov IS, Tatarintsev MK, Khasanov RY, Azieva AM, Makarenko EYu, Burtsev MS

Using brain-computer interfaces, one can both read data from and transmit them to the brain. However, these data are only a set of sensor system signals and not the knowledge or experience. Neural networks are a basis for cognitive activity and can simulate processes similar to learning <i>in vitro</i>. In this work we tested the hypothesis of a neural network’s ability to learn by detecting deviations from its stereotypical activity and modifying them in a way that allows it to get rid of external electrical stimulation. Spontaneous activity of several neuronal cultures <i>in vitro</i> was analyzed by clustering method. The results showed that activity of untrained cultures remained stable for a long time, and external electrical stimulation led to switching between various spontaneous activity patterns.

Received: 2016-04-01

Published online: 2017-01-05

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2016-02-06

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VIEWS 4693

Shishkin SL, Kozyrskiy BL, Trofimov AG, Nuzhdin YO, Fedorova AA, Svirin EP, Velichkovsky BM

Eye-brain-computer interfaces (EBCIs) could combine the advantages of eye tracking systems used for operating technical devices and brain-computer interfaces. Such systems are intended for both patients with various motor impairments and healthy individuals. The effectiveness of EBCIs is largely dependent on their ability to detect the user’s intent to give a command on the encephalogram (EEG) recorded during gaze fixation, that is, just within hundreds of milliseconds. These strict requirements necessitate a full use of data contained in EEG for more accurate classification of gaze fixations as spontaneous and “control”. This work describes our attempt to use for classification not only amplitude statistical features, but also wavelet features specific to oscillatory EEG components within the interval of 50-500 ms from gaze fixation onset. Integral index of classification accuracy AUC significantly depended on the feature set, reaching the highest value (0.75, average over the group of 8 participants) for the combined amplitude and wavelet set. We believe that further improvement of this method will facilitate the practical application of EBCIs.

Received: 2016-04-08

Published online: 2017-01-05

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2016-02-05

Comments 0

VIEWS 4831

Korolev MA, Yarmak DO, Miroschnikova EA, Korobushkin GV

To assess the effectiveness of treatment in traumatology, different scales and assessment questionnaires are used. This work presents the results of the validity test of the two scales designed by the authors, namely, Moscow Foot Trauma Scale (MFTS) and Abbreviated Questionnaire of Subjective Assessment (AQSA). The study enrolled 79 patients (59 male and 20 female individuals with a mean age of 42) with multiple or concomitant foot fractures. For the scales, coefficients of reliability, stability, constancy, internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha), split-half correlation (Guttman’s lambda) and intraclass correlation were calculated. SF-36 (Short Form 36) and AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Score) were used as reference scales. The study revealed a high reproducibility of the new scales: stability coefficient was 0.85–0.96 for MFTS and up to 0.93 for AQSA. Their reliability and internal consistency were established.

Received: 2016-03-30

Published online: 2017-01-05

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2016-02-09

Comments 0

VIEWS 5266

Vladimirov GK, Sergunova EV, Izmaylov DYu, Vladimirov YuA

Medicinal plant material is one of the sources of antioxidants for the human body. Chemiluminescence analysis is one of the common methods of determining the content of antioxidants in plant materials. In our work, chemiluminescence analysis was used to determine the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of fruit decoctions of mountain-ash, rose and hawthorn, as well as raspberry fruit infusion. Experiments established the kinetics of the chemiluminescence of a system consisting of horseradish peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide and luminol. Concentrations and volumes of components of the system were chosen such that strong antioxidants (ascorbic acid) and antioxidants of average force (quercetin) were completely oxidized during measurement (10 minutes). A method for TAC calculation based on changes in chemiluminescence light sum in the presence of plant samples was proposed and substantiated. Analysis of chemiluminescence kinetics showed that antioxidants of average force dominate in the objects studied, including flavonoids and weak antioxidants (tocopherol and others). Comparison of the calculated TAC values for the objects under study and their chemical analysis data showed that products containing the same amount of antioxidants with different ratios of antioxidants by types might vary in their ability to protect the body against the harmful effects of free radicals. The technique described is a promising one for the study of plant objects containing a mixture of different types of antioxidants.

Received: 2016-03-10

Published online: 2017-01-05

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2016-02-10

Comments 0

VIEWS 4834

The rapidly evolving genome editing techniques are steadily moving from research laboratories to clinical practice. Fundamentally new methods of editing the genome of human embryos in the early stages of development have been developed. Tools for correction of genetic disorders in people of any age have also been created. In fact, the doctor is becoming a corrector of genetic instructions on construction and functioning of the human body. This review generalizes the data on the current state of genome editing techniques and existing approaches to applying them in clinical practice.

Received: 2016-06-23

Published online: 2017-01-05

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2016-03-01

Comments 0

VIEWS 5696

Dimitrieva TV, Reshetov DA, Zhernovkov VE, Vlodavets DV, Zotova ED, Ermolkevich TG, Deykin AV

Genetically modified animals are an important tool for biomedical research. The CRISPR/Cas9 editing genome system is increasingly being used for production of such animals. Through microinjection, complex with guide RNA and Cas9 protein is delivered in fertilized eggs from which the animal subsequently develops with a modification in the genome. Generally, analysis of the specificity and efficiency of the system in each case is carried out after obtaining a progeny with the likely mutation. However, analysis at the preimplantation stage would allow reducing the time of the experiment, as well as understanding the reason for the birth of a small number of transgenic animals, or even lack of them in the offsprings. The paper proposes a modification of the method of preparation of total DNA from mouse blastocysts. The modification allows to easier and faster detect the results of microinjection of the CRISPR/Cas9 complex in the zygote. Having applied the method described in this paper, we successfully identified short deletions in intron 34 of dystrophin gene (DMD) in 12 out of 13 treated embryos and insertion in the break site in intron 8 of the DMD gene in 11 out of 21 samples analyzed. Using for analysis the total DNA prepared by the method proposed, you can analyze up to 20 different sites in the mouse embryo genome at the blastocyst stage without the need for full genomic amplification.

Received: 2016-06-16

Published online: 2017-01-05

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2016-03-02

Comments 0

VIEWS 5169