Bulletin of RSMU

ISSN Print 2500–1094 ISSN Online 2542–1204

Bulletin of RSMU

BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL OF PIROGOV UNIVERSITY (MOSCOW, RUSSIA)

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Gorelik VV, Filippova SN, Belyaev VS, Karlova EV

The number of children born with cerebral palsy (CP) remains stably high. Novel approaches for rehabilitation of such patients are being sought. This study aimed to define the efficiency of the image visualization technologies in play activity for the physical rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy. Sixteen boys with spastic diplegia aged 7–9 participated in the study. They were divided into treatment group (TG) and control group (CG), 8 children each. The TG patients were trained using the virtual reality based Krisaf training simulator twice a week for 40 minutes during 8 months. The child was suspended in the horizontal position and looked at the monitor through the specialised eyeglasses. Under the conditions of the marine environment immersion simulation with reduced gravity children performed motor tasks through play: searched for treasures, competed with dolphins etc. The CG patients attended the physical therapy lessons. Rehabilitation lessons using the virtual reality based Krisaf training simulator for children affected with spastic cerebral palsy led to a significant improvement of motor skills. Various motion tests showed an improvement over baseline, the average indicators increased 1.30–1.48 times. The difference between TG and CG results was statistically significant. In the CG referred to physical therapy the indicators increase was less than 10%, in the TG the increase reached 30–40%. It was concluded that the use of virtual reality based technologies promotes the optimization of neurophysiological processes in the motor analyzer cortical areas and better adaptation to motor loads.

Received: 2019-07-19

Published online: 2019-08-17

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2019.051

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VIEWS 4244

Bagryantseva NV, Gazhva SI, Baranov AA, Shubin LB, Bagryantsev VA, Bagryantseva OV

Contemporary prosthetic dentistry has a vast arsenal of solutions for completely edentulous patients. However, it is crucial to consider a variety of factors that can cause complications in patients wearing temporary dentures in the osseointegration period. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze the medical records of completely edentulous patients wearing temporary removable or fixed dentures in the osseointegration period, to identify the risk factors for complications and to calculate the odds of adverse events. We performed a multivariate analysis and developed a computerized algorithm that could be used to facilitate selection of the proper denture type and material. The algorithm demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity: 94.37 (76.2 : 98.7) and 92.56 (79.8 : 97.6), respectively; the AUC value is 0.921 (0.843 : 0.963). We are planning to develop a software based on the proposed algorithm that would help the dentist to make a more objective decision when selecting the type of temporary denture and its material.

Received: 2019-07-25

Published online: 2019-08-17

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2019.050

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VIEWS 3110

Galkin II, Egorova TV

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common type of muscular dystrophy. There is no effective cure for this disease. Recently, researchers have started to look at the therapeutic potential of exosomes — small (40–100 nm) vesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular environment. They transport a few types of macromolecules, including microRNA and proteins, that can be analyzed to estimate the efficacy of the applied therapy. Besides, exosomes can be harnessed for delivering therapeutic components (microRNA, antisense oligonucleotides) to the target tissue. Below, we analyze the available literature and assess the feasibility of using exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We conclude that exosomes can have their place in the arsenal of researchers and clinicians once some technical issues are solved.

Received: 2019-07-21

Published online: 2019-08-12

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2019.049

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VIEWS 3269

Efimov BA, Chaplin AV, Sokolova SR, Chernaia ZA, Pikina AP, Savilova AM, Kafarskaya LI

In recent decades, nucleic acid sequencing technologies used for metagenomic analysis have become the main methods for assessing the composition of microbiota. At the same time, the use of novel methods of cultivation and identification of microorganisms in microbiological research led to the renaissance of culture-based technologies, because facilitated the discovery and isolation of both new strains of well-known microorganisms as well as uncultivated and unexplored bacterial taxa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of using the culture-based method for the assessment of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microbiota in healthy children. Eleven growth media were inoculated with serial dilutions of stool samples in order to analyze the profile of dominant anaerobic bacteria, as well as aerobic bacteria and fungi in 20 healthy children aged 2–4 years. The identification of microorganisms was performed using MALDI TOF MS and 16S rRNA gene fragment sequencing were used. 1,819 isolated and identified strains belong to 7 phyla, 13 classes, 18 orders, 33 families, 77 genera and 149 species in the Bacteria domain. The Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria phyla were most abundant and frequent. The greatest species diversity (more than 85 species) was found in the Firmicutes phylum. Ten new previously uncharacterized bacterial strains were isolated.

Received: 2019-06-27

Published online: 2019-08-09

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2019.048

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VIEWS 3430

Goloshchapov DL, Kashkarov VM, Ippolitov YuA, Ippolitov IYu, Vongsvivut Jitraporn, Seredin PV

The low affinity of composite materials for the hard tissue of human teeth poses a challenge to restorative dentists. This study was undertaken to explore molecular and chemical characteristics of the interface between the dental cement, the buffer layer formed from a next generation biomimetic material that mimics the organic mineral composition of human enamel and dentin, and the intact native hard dental tissue. Seven plane-parallel dental slices were analyzed using synchrotron IR microspectroscopy. The obtained absorption spectra of functional molecular groups were organized into cluster maps. This allowed us to identify the intact tissue, the adhesive agent and the biomimetic layer at their interface and to localize and measure concentrations of functional groups involved in the integration of the biomimetic composite into the hard tissue of the human tooth. The proposed biomimetic material is based on nanocrystal carbonate-substituted calcium hydroxyapatite synthesized from a biogenic calcium source and a complex of basic polar amino acids copying the composition of the human tooth and can form a functional bond with hard dental tissue.

Received: 2019-07-18

Published online: 2019-08-01

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2019.047

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VIEWS 3134

Milushkina OYu, Skoblina NA, Markelova SV, Tatarinchik AA, Melikhova EP, Libina II, Popov MV

The impact of excessive exposure to electronic devices (ED) on youth health remains understudied. There is a pressing need to develop recommendations for the safe use of stationary and mobile ED aimed at minimizing health risks. In this work, we assess the effect of ED on the physical growth and development of high-school and university students and provide recommendations for preventing the negative impact of prolonged screen time on health. The study recruited 460 high-school and 598 university students. Standard anthropometric measurements were taken. The psychological and emotional state of the participants was evaluated using the Test Anxiety Inventory by Spielberg (modified by Khanin). To estimate daily and weekly exposure to ED the participants were asked to fill out standardized questionnaires. In high school students, the average screen time was 7 h a day; in university students, 8.5 to 10 h a day. Only 60% of the participants, regardless of their place of residence or the type of educational institution they were attending, were physically healthy. We conclude that prolonged and frequent exposure to ED is one of the factors that can interfere with normal physical growth and development in youth. Regular daily use of stationary ED increases the risk of developing body weight deficit by 24% and gaining excess body weight by 10%. We recommend that students should eliminate computers, laptops and stationary ED from their daily activities for at least one day at the weekend and reduce total screen time to 3 hours a day.

Received: 2019-07-04

Published online: 2019-07-23

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2019.046

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VIEWS 3133

Muzaffarova TA, Novikova OV, Sachkov IYu, Kipkeeva FM, Ginter EK, Karpukhin AV

Desmoid-type fibromatosis (DF) is a rare mesenchymal tumor occurring in only 2 to 4 people per 1,000,000 population a year. Desmoid tumors are either seen sporadically or in individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). The etiology of sporadic DF is uncertain. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential significance of germline mutations in the АРС gene in patients with sporadic DF. АРС exons were amplified, studied using conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis and then Sanger-sequenced. The obtained data were processed in Statistica 10. Mutations were detected in 6 (12%) of 51 participants with sporadic DF. Those 6 patients shared a typical DF phenotype characterized by early age of onset (5.8 years on average, in contrast to the patients without APC mutations, who developed DF at 19 years of age; р = 0.02), severe clinical course, multifocal localization on the trunk, and poor prognosis. All of the detected APC mutations were localized to the 3'-end of the gene. For the purpose of comparison, we analyzed a sample of 12 patients with FAP-associated DF. Of those patients, 6 carried mutations in the APC gene. In the analyzed sample, the patients with FAP and the mutant APC gene developed DF at older age (35 years) than the patients with sporadic DF (p = 0.004) and their tumors were not multifocal. This means that sporadic and FAP-associated desmoids have different phenotypes in patients with APC mutations. Patients with sporadic tumors have mutations at the 3'-end of the АРС gene more often than individuals with FAP-associated DF. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the subtype of sporadic desmoid fibromatosis phenotypically determined by germline mutations in the APC gene.

Received: 2019-06-25

Published online: 2019-07-18

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2019.045

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VIEWS 3095

Tynio YaYa, Morozova GV, Biryukova YuK, Trubnikova EV, Zylkova MV, Sivokhin DA, Ivanov KP, Pozdniakova NV, Kazakova EA, Mutnykh ES, Shevelev AB

Noninvasive stable isotope breath tests allow highly accurate and safe estimation of liver and biliary tract function. The aim of this study was to test 13С-labeled linoleic and linolenic acids intended for diagnostic use for acute and subchronic toxicity. The acids were synthesized using the patented method. A single intragastric administration of the tested compounds to experimental BALB/c mice and Wistar rats in the amounts exceeding clinical doses 500 to 2500-fold did not cause animal death. In the subchronic toxicity test, the rats received 5 to 25 times higher doses than recommended for clinical use in humans. In a 14-day follow-up period, no significant differences were observed between the main and the control groups in terms of weight, blood count (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets), and blood biochemistry (hemoglobin, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin). The studied compounds are safe at doses intended for oral administration and are recommended for further preclinical and clinical trials.

Received: 2019-06-24

Published online: 2019-06-30

DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2019.044

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VIEWS 3353