Retinal diseases remain one of the leading causes of visual impairments in the world. The development of automated diagnostic methods can improve the efficiency and availability of the macular pathology mass screening programs. The objective of this work was to develop and validate deep learning algorithms detecting macular pathology (age-related macular degeneration, AMD) based on the analysis of color fundus photographs with and without data labeling. We used 1200 color fundus photographs from local databases, including 575 retinal images of AMD patients and 625 pictures of the retina of healthy people. The deep learning algorithm was deployed in the Faster RCNN neural network with ResNet50 for convolution. The process employed the transfer learning method. As a result, in the absence of labeling, the accuracy of the model was unsatisfactory (79%) because the neural network selected the areas of attention incorrectly. Data labeling improved the efficacy of the developed method: with the test dataset, the model determined the areas with informative features adequately, and the classification accuracy reached 96.6%. Thus, image data labeling significantly improves the accuracy of retinal color images recognition by a neural network and enables development and training of effective models with limited datasets.