The majority of stroke patients have cognitive symptoms and about 50% of them live with neurological deficits that critically limit social adaptation capacities even in the absence of significant motor impairments. The aim of this study was to select the optimal length of 0.5 MAC xenon exposure in order to alleviate the neurological and cognitive impairments in experimental stroke. The focal ischemia-reperfusion injury was modeled in rats (n = 70) ising Longa method. The intervention was immediately followed by inhalation of 0.5 MAC xenon for 30, 60 or 120 min. The neurological deficit was assessed using a 'Limb placement' seven-test battery and the cognitive functionalities were assessed by the Morris water maze test. A 30 min 0.5 MAC xenon exposure provided a 40% increase in the limb placement scores and a 17.6% decrease in the Morris water maze test latency compared with the control group (р = 0.055 and р = 0.08, respectively). With a longer 60 min exposure, the trends became significant, the scores improving 2-fold and by 44.4% compared with the control group (р = 0.01 and р = 0.04, respectively), whereas 120 min exposures afforded 2-fold improvements in both tests (р = 0.01). We conclude that, although 30 min post-stroke inhalations provide negligible benefits in terms of neurological status and learning capacity, prolonged exposure times of 60–120 min afford significant improvement in neurological and cognitive indicators and largely alleviate the deteriorating ischemic damage.