This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY).
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a rare recombinant chromosome 22 caused by a maternal intrachromosomal insertion
Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
Correspondence should be addressed: Darya A. Yurchenko
Moskvorechye, 1, Moscow, 115522, Russia; ur.liam@vblahsad
Funding: this research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (#FGFF-2023-0003).
Author contribution: Yurchenko DA — study design, development of homemade DNA probes, conducting FISH analysis and interpreting the data, manuscript preparation; Markova ZhG — conducting FISH analysis using commercial DNA probes; Petukhova MS and Matyushchenko GN — clinical genetic counseling of the family; Shilova NV — study conception and design, discussion of results, and scientific editing of the manuscript.
Compliance with ethical standards: the study was approved by the Ethics Commitee of the Research Centre for Medical Genetics (protocol No. 4/2 dated 19 April 2021). The informed consent for participation in the research study was obtained from the patients.
- Liehr T, Weise A, Mrasek K, Ziegler M, Padutsch N, Wilhelm K, et al. Recombinant chromosomes resulting from parental pericentric inversions — two new cases and a review of the literature. Front Genet. 2019; 10: 1165. DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01165.
- Madan K, Menko FH. Intrachromosomal insertions: a case report and a review. Hum Genet. 1992; 89 (1): 1–9. DOI: 10.1007/BF00207032.
- Carvalho CM, Lupski JR. Mechanisms underlying structural variant formation in genomic disorders. Nat Rev Genet. 2016; 17 (4): 224–38. DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2015.25.
- Gardner RJ, Amor DJ. Gardner and Sutherland's Chromosome Abnormalities and Genetic Counselling. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018; 440 p.
- Nowakowska BA, de Leeuw N, Ruivenkamp CA, SikkemaRaddatz B, Crolla JA, Thoelen R, et al. Parental insertional balanced translocations are an important cause of apparently de novo CNVs in patients with developmental anomalies. Eur J Hum Genet. 2012; 20 (2): 166–70. DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.157.
- Vervoort L, Vermeesch JR. The 22q11.2 low copy repeats. Genes (Basel). 2022; 13 (11): 2101. DOI: 10.3390/genes13112101.
- Demaerel W, Hosseinzadeh M, Nouri N, Sedghi M, Dimitriadou E, Salehi M, et al. Reciprocal 22q11.2 deletion and duplication in siblings with karyotypically normal parents. Cytogenet Genome Res. 2016; 148 (1): 1–5. DOI: 10.1159/000445089.
- Portnoï MF. Microduplication 22q11.2: a new chromosomal syndrome. Eur J Med Genet. 2009; 52 (2–3): 88–93. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2009.02.008.
- Arlt MF, Wilson TE, Glover TW. Replication stress and mechanisms of CNV formation. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2012; 22 (3): 204–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2012.01.009.
- Liu P, Carvalho CM, Hastings PJ, Lupski JR. Mechanisms for recurrent and complex human genomic rearrangements. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2012; 22 (3): 211–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2012.02.012.
- Li S, Han X, Ye M, Chen S, Shen Y, Niu J, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of microdeletions or microduplications in the proximal, central, and distal regions of chromosome 22q11.2: ultrasound findings and pregnancy outcome. Front Genet. 2019; 10: 813. DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00813.
- Riggs ER, Andersen EF, Cherry AM, Kantarci S, Kearney H, Patel A, et al. Technical standards for the interpretation and reporting of constitutional copy-number variants: a joint consensus recommendation of ACMG and ClinGen. Genet Med. 2020; 22 (2): 245–57. DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0686-8.
- Minzhenkova ME, Yurchenko DA, Semenova NA, Markova ZG, Tarlycheva AA, Shilova NV. Characterization of a complex chromosomal rearrangement in a girl with PURA syndrome. Genet Mol Res. 2022; 21 (4). DOI: 10.4238/gmr19065.
- Yurchenko DA, Minzhenkova ME, Tveleneva AA, Voroncova EO, Harchenko TV, Shilova NV. Citogenomnyj podhod v diagnostike invertirovannyh duplikacij so smezhnymi terminal'nymi deleciyami. Medicinskaya genetika. 2023; 22 (5): 54–62. Russian.
- Yurchenko DA. Molekulyarno-citogeneticheskie harakteristiki i osobennosti diagnostiki variacij chisla kopij uchastkov DNK (CNV) [dissertaciya]. M., 2022. Russian.
- Tonk VS, Jesurun CA, Morgan DL, Lockhart LH, Velagaleti GVN. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a recombinant chromosome rec(22)dup(22q)inv(22)(p13q12.2). Am J Med Genet A. 2004; 124A (1): 92–95. DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20384.
- Boyd LJ, Livingston JS, Brown MG, Lawce HJ, Gilhooly JT, Wildin RS, et al. Meiotic exchange event within the stalk region of an inverted chromosome 22 results in a recombinant chromosome with duplication of the distal long arm. Am J Med Genet A. 2005; 138 (4): 355–60. DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30895.
- Pramparo T, de Gregori M, Gimelli S, Ciccone R, Frondizi D, Liehr T, et al. A 7 Mb duplication at 22q13 in a girl with bipolar disorder and hippocampal malformation. Am J Med Genet A. 2008; 146A (13): 1754–60. DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32326.
- Stankiewicz P, Lupski JR. Genome architecture, rearrangements and genomic disorders. Trends Genet. 2002; 18 (2): 74–82. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9525(02)02592-1.
- Pastor S, Tran O, Jin A, Carrado D, Silva BA, Uppuluri L, et al. Optical mapping of the 22q11.2DS region reveals complex repeat structures and preferred locations for NAHR. Sci Rep. 2020; 10 (1): 12235. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69134-4.
- Zhang F, Khajavi M, Connolly AM, Towne CF, Batish SD, Lupski JR. The DNA replication FoSTeS/MMBIR mechanism can generate genomic, genic and exonic complex rearrangements in humans. Nat Genet. 2009; 41 (7): 849–53. DOI: 10.1038/ng.399.
- Demaerel W, Mostovoy Y, Yilmaz F, Vervoort L, Pastor S, Hestand MS, et al. The 22q11 low copy repeats are characterized by unprecedented size and structural variability. Genome Res. 2019; 29 (9): 1389– 401. DOI: 10.1101/gr.248682.119.
- Guo T, Diacou A, Nomaru H, McDonald-McGinn DM, Hestand M, Demaerel W, et al. Deletion size analysis of 1680 22q11.2DS subjects identifies a new recombination hotspot on chromosome 22q11.2. Hum Mol Genet. 2018; 27 (7): 1150–63. DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy028.
- van Sluis M, van Vuuren C, Mangan H, McStay B. NORs on human acrocentric chromosome p-arms are active by default and can associate with nucleoli independently of rDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020; 117 (19): 10368–77. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001812117.
- Purow J, Waidner L, Ale H. Review of the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of 22q11.2 deletion and duplication syndromes. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2025; 68 (1): 23. DOI: 10.1007/s12016-025-09035-4.
- Deepika M, Tella S, Avvari S, Pratibha N, Ananthapur V. A rare case of dysmorphism with duplication in chromosome 22. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2022; 37 (4): 504–6. DOI: 10.1007/s12291-020-00945-y.